Aquilegia: Madness
Anemone: Resignation, mistrust
Aster: Ulterior motives
Bellis (Daisies): Innocence
Bouquet of flowers: Gallant gesture
Erica: Loneliness
Fern: Sincerity, reverie
Lilac: Initial loving feelings
Carnation: Lasting beauty
Gorse: Purity
Campanula (blue): Constancy
Wallflower: Radiance
Dog rose: Poetry
Hops: Injustice
Hydrangea: You are cold
Hyacinth: Goodwill
Periwinkle: Sweet memories
Iris: News
Jasmine: Kindness
Crown Imperial: Power
Cherry blossom: Good education
Cherry laurel: Infidelity
Clematis: Refinement
Cornflower: Tact
Lavender: Mistrust
Gillyflower: Dignity
Gillyflower (bright red): You are a goddess
Lily: Majesty
Lotus: Eloquence
Antirrhinum: Arrogance
Lilies of the valley: Return of good fortune
Hollyhock: Grace
Marguerite: Innocence
Mistletoe: I will overcome all obstacles
Poppy: Consolation
Moss rose: Sensual love
Myrtle: Symbol of marriage
Narcissus: Selfishness
Carnation (red): Pure and deep love
Carnation (yellow): Contempt
Carnation (white): Talent
Orange blossom: Virginity
Daffodil: Desire
Peony: Shame
Passion flower: Belief
Petunia: Surprise
Primula: Youth
Buttercup: You have heavenly charms
Marigold: Jealousy, despair
Delphinium: Superficiality
Rose (red, single rose): I love you
Rose (white): Silence
Rose petals: I am never pushy
Rosebud (white): A heart that does not yet know love
Rosemary: Your presence enlivens me
Snowdrops: Love’s happiness
Iris: Message
Sunflower: Riches
Maiden pink: Delicacy
Pansies: Duplicity
Tagetes: Disgust
Thyme: Activity
Tuberose: Lust
Tulip: Declaration of love
Violet: Modesty
Forget-me-nots: Don’t forget me
Dog rose: Simplicity
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS OF THE FLOWER
Pedicel: Stalk of a flower
Sessile: A flower without a stalk. Example-Achyranthes
Pedicellate: A flower with a stalk or pedicel. Example-china rose
Complete: A flower in which all the four whorls are present. Example-cotton.
Incomplete: A flower in which any one of the four whorl is absent. Example-Cucurbita
Bract: A flower with a leaf like structure at its base.
Bracteate: Flower having Bract.
Ebracteate: Flower without Bract.
Bracteole: leaf like structure present on any part of floral stalk or pedicel.
Bracteolate: Flower with barcteolates.
Unisexual: A flower having either stamen or carpels.If only stamens are present it is said to be staminate and if only carpels are present it is said to be pistillate.
Neuter: Reproductive parts i.e., stamens and carpels absent.
Monoecious: Both reproductive parts found on the same plant.
Dioecious: Only one reproductive part is present on one plant.
Polygamous: If bisexual, unisexual and neutral flowers occur on the same plant.
Achlamydous: Both calyx and corolla absent.
Bisexual: A flower having both stamens and carpels. Example-Mustard
Isomerous: A flower is isomerous when its whorls have equal number of parts or number is one whorl is multiple of the number of other whorl.
Bimerous: A flower in which the number of parts in each whorl is 2 or it’s multiple.
Trimerous: A flower in which the number of parts in each whorl is 3 or it’s multiple. Example- in most monocots.
Tetramerous: A flower in which the number of parts in each whorl is 4 or it’s multiple.
Pentamerous: A flower in which the number of parts in each whorl is 5 or it’s multiple. Example- in most dicots.
Heteromerous: A flower is called heteromerous only when the member in all the whorl is neither the nor any multiple.
Hypogynous: a flower in which the ovary occupies the highest position or is superior and the other floral parts are present below it. Example- Mustard.
Perigynous: A flower in which thalamus grows upwards and bear sepals, petals and stamens on its rim. The ovary is half superior. Example-Rose
Epigynous: All floral whorls i.e. sepals, petals and stamens arise above ovary, making ovary inferior. Example-apple.
Sessile: A flower without a stalk. Example-Achyranthes
Pedicellate: A flower with a stalk or pedicel. Example-china rose
Complete: A flower in which all the four whorls are present. Example-cotton.
Incomplete: A flower in which any one of the four whorl is absent. Example-Cucurbita
Bract: A flower with a leaf like structure at its base.
Bracteate: Flower having Bract.
Ebracteate: Flower without Bract.
Bracteole: leaf like structure present on any part of floral stalk or pedicel.
Bracteolate: Flower with barcteolates.
Unisexual: A flower having either stamen or carpels.If only stamens are present it is said to be staminate and if only carpels are present it is said to be pistillate.
Neuter: Reproductive parts i.e., stamens and carpels absent.
Monoecious: Both reproductive parts found on the same plant.
Dioecious: Only one reproductive part is present on one plant.
Polygamous: If bisexual, unisexual and neutral flowers occur on the same plant.
Achlamydous: Both calyx and corolla absent.
Bisexual: A flower having both stamens and carpels. Example-Mustard
Isomerous: A flower is isomerous when its whorls have equal number of parts or number is one whorl is multiple of the number of other whorl.
Bimerous: A flower in which the number of parts in each whorl is 2 or it’s multiple.
Trimerous: A flower in which the number of parts in each whorl is 3 or it’s multiple. Example- in most monocots.
Tetramerous: A flower in which the number of parts in each whorl is 4 or it’s multiple.
Pentamerous: A flower in which the number of parts in each whorl is 5 or it’s multiple. Example- in most dicots.
Heteromerous: A flower is called heteromerous only when the member in all the whorl is neither the nor any multiple.
Hypogynous: a flower in which the ovary occupies the highest position or is superior and the other floral parts are present below it. Example- Mustard.
Perigynous: A flower in which thalamus grows upwards and bear sepals, petals and stamens on its rim. The ovary is half superior. Example-Rose
Epigynous: All floral whorls i.e. sepals, petals and stamens arise above ovary, making ovary inferior. Example-apple.
GYNOECIUM (PISTIL)
Gynoecium is the female reproductive organ of the flower which is composed of one or more carpels (It is ovule bearing structure evolved from non green leaf like appendage, a simple pistil or one of the segment of the compound pistil). Each gynoecium or pistil is of three parts: ovary, style and stigma. The swollen basal part of the pistil is called ovary. The ovary may have one or more locules or chambers. Each locule is provided with one or more ovules on placentae. On maturity after fertilization ovary develops into fruits and ovules develops into seeds. Above the ovary the carpel is protuded into a long or short style. The style ends with a round, sticky stigma. The Style is the slender stalk supporting the stigma and Stigma is the small rounded or lobed head of the pistil.
Some Descriptive Terms of The Gynoecium
Gynophore: - The portion of the thalamus which bears gynoecium is called gynophore.
Pistil: - The collective terms of Ovary, Style and Stigma.
Ovule: - Inside the ovary there is minute structure is present which develops into seeds after fertilization is known as Ovule.
Placentae: -The parenchymatous cushion shaped structure which bear ovule is known as Placentae.
Monocarpellary: -The pistil which is composed of only one carpel is known as Monocarpellary. E.g.:- Pea
Bicarpellary: - The pistil which is composed of two carpels is known as Bicarpellary. E.g.:- Brassica
Tricarpellary: - The pistil which is composed of three carpels is known as Tricarpellary. E.g.:- Liliaceae
Tetracarpellary: - The pistil which is composed of four carpels is known as Tetracarpellary.
Pentacarpellary: - The pistil which is composed of five carpels is known as Pentacarpellary.
Polycarpellary/Multicarpellary:- The pistil which is composed of many carpels is known as Polycarpellary/Multicarpellary. E.g.:- Rose, Papaver.
Apocarpous: - The carpels are free. E.g.:- Ranunculus.Syncarpous: - The carpels are wholly partially united. E.g.:- Mustard.
Gynophore: - The portion of the thalamus which bears gynoecium is called gynophore.
Pistil: - The collective terms of Ovary, Style and Stigma.
Ovule: - Inside the ovary there is minute structure is present which develops into seeds after fertilization is known as Ovule.
Placentae: -The parenchymatous cushion shaped structure which bear ovule is known as Placentae.
Monocarpellary: -The pistil which is composed of only one carpel is known as Monocarpellary. E.g.:- Pea
Bicarpellary: - The pistil which is composed of two carpels is known as Bicarpellary. E.g.:- Brassica
Tricarpellary: - The pistil which is composed of three carpels is known as Tricarpellary. E.g.:- Liliaceae
Tetracarpellary: - The pistil which is composed of four carpels is known as Tetracarpellary.
Pentacarpellary: - The pistil which is composed of five carpels is known as Pentacarpellary.
Polycarpellary/Multicarpellary:- The pistil which is composed of many carpels is known as Polycarpellary/Multicarpellary. E.g.:- Rose, Papaver.
Apocarpous: - The carpels are free. E.g.:- Ranunculus.Syncarpous: - The carpels are wholly partially united. E.g.:- Mustard.
ANDROECIUM
Androecium is the third whorl which represents the male reproduction organ of the flower. It is made up of one or more stamens or microsporophylls. Stamen (An individual member of the androecium) consists of Filament and Anther. The slender stalk of the stamen which bears the anther at its tip is known as Filament. Each Stamen has usually a filament, anther and connective. Each anther consists of two lobes and each lobe consists of two chambers or loculi, which are called the pollen-sacs or microsporangia. Thus, there are four pollen sacs in each anther. Each pollen sac produces a large number of pollen grains/microspores. The pollen grains or microspores are the male gamets.
Some Descriptive Terms of The Androecium
Dithecous: - Anther with two loculus.
Monothecous: - The anther which has only one locule (in some case).
Androphore: - Androecium bearing stalk.
Staminode: - A rudimentary stamens which does not bear fertile pollen grains E.g:-Stellaria.
Polyandrous:-Androecium which consists of free stamens is known as Polyandrous. E.g:-Poppy, papaver.
Monadelphous: - With free anthers the filaments of stamens which are united into a single handle or tube is known as Monadelphous. E.g:- China rose.
Diadelphous: - With free anthers the filaments of stamens which are fused together to form two bundles is known as Diadelphous. E.g:-Pea.
Polyadelphous: - With free anthers the filaments of stamens which are united to form a number of bundles is known as Polyadelphous. E.g:- Citrus.
Syngenesious: - Stamens untied by their anther but the filaments are free is known as Syngenesious. E.g:- Sonchus, sunflower.
Synandrous: - Stamens united throughout their whole length (anther and filament). E.g:-Cucurbita.
Epipetalous: - Stamens more or less fused with petals and appearing to originate from them. E.g:- Ocimum, Solanum.
Epitepalous: - Stamens bore on the tepals. E.g:- Asphodelus.
Gynandrous: - Stamens fused with the carpels. E.g:- Calotropis.
Inserted: - Stamens shorter than corolla tube. E.g:- Ixora
Dithecous: - Anther with two loculus.
Monothecous: - The anther which has only one locule (in some case).
Androphore: - Androecium bearing stalk.
Staminode: - A rudimentary stamens which does not bear fertile pollen grains E.g:-Stellaria.
Polyandrous:-Androecium which consists of free stamens is known as Polyandrous. E.g:-Poppy, papaver.
Monadelphous: - With free anthers the filaments of stamens which are united into a single handle or tube is known as Monadelphous. E.g:- China rose.
Diadelphous: - With free anthers the filaments of stamens which are fused together to form two bundles is known as Diadelphous. E.g:-Pea.
Polyadelphous: - With free anthers the filaments of stamens which are united to form a number of bundles is known as Polyadelphous. E.g:- Citrus.
Syngenesious: - Stamens untied by their anther but the filaments are free is known as Syngenesious. E.g:- Sonchus, sunflower.
Synandrous: - Stamens united throughout their whole length (anther and filament). E.g:-Cucurbita.
Epipetalous: - Stamens more or less fused with petals and appearing to originate from them. E.g:- Ocimum, Solanum.
Epitepalous: - Stamens bore on the tepals. E.g:- Asphodelus.
Gynandrous: - Stamens fused with the carpels. E.g:- Calotropis.
Inserted: - Stamens shorter than corolla tube. E.g:- Ixora
Exerted: - Stamens longer than corolla tube projecting beyond the petals. E.g:- Passion flower.
Basifixed: - Filament attached to the base of the anther. E.g:- Mustard.
Dorsifixed: - Filament attached to the dorsal side of the anther. E.g:- Bauhinia.
Adnate: - Filament attached to the anther throughout its length. E.g:-Michelia.
Versatile: - Filament attached to the back of the anther at a point only. E.g:- Grasses.
Introse: - Anther facing inward. E.g: - Hibiscus, Dianthus, solanum.
Extrose: - Anther facing outward from the center of the flower. E.g:- Argemone.
Basifixed: - Filament attached to the base of the anther. E.g:- Mustard.
Dorsifixed: - Filament attached to the dorsal side of the anther. E.g:- Bauhinia.
Adnate: - Filament attached to the anther throughout its length. E.g:-Michelia.
Versatile: - Filament attached to the back of the anther at a point only. E.g:- Grasses.
Introse: - Anther facing inward. E.g: - Hibiscus, Dianthus, solanum.
Extrose: - Anther facing outward from the center of the flower. E.g:- Argemone.
COROLLA
Just inner to the Calyx the second whorl of the flower is known as Corolla and it is made up of Petals. Petal is one of the individual floral leaves of Corolla. Petals are usually brightly coloured and showy so, the petals helps flower in pollination by attracting insects. The free Petals are known as Polypetalous(e.g:-Brassica) and the fused petals are known as gamopetalous(Ipomoea).
Shape of the Corolla
Some of the form of the corolla are as follows:
(a) Polypetalous Corolla
1. Cruciform:- The Corolla consists of four or five petals arranged in the from of cross(x).Each petal has a expanded limb and a narrow stalk below called claw.e.g:-Brassica
2. Caryophyllaceou:- It consists of five free petals each with a comparatively long claw, and the limbs. The Claw and Limb lie more or less at right angle to each other and spread outward.e.g:-Dianthus.
3. Rosaceous:- The Corolla consists of five or more free petals, spreading regularly outwards like those of rose.e.g:-Rosaceae.
4. Papilionaceous:- It consists of five unequal free petals, one large posterior standard, two lateral wings and two innermost smallest united keels.e.g:-pea, gram etc.
(b) Gamopetalous Corolla
1. Tubular:-In this case petals are fused to form a tube or cylinder like structure.e.g:- central florets of sunflower.
2. Campanulate:- In this case petals are fused to each other to form bell shaped structure.e.g:-Ipomoea, Cuscuta.
3. Infundibuliform:- In this case petals are fused to each other to form funnel shaped structure.e.g:-Datura, Petunia.
4. Rotate:- In this case petals are fused to each other to form Wheel shaped structure.e.g:- Brinjal, Nerium, Solanum.
5. Ligulate(Strap-shaped):- A zygomorphic, gamopetalous, strap-shaped corolla with a short narrow tube below and flattened strap-like upper portion.e.g:-Sunflower, Sonchus.
6. Urceolate:- In this case petals are fused to each other to form Urn-shaped structure.e.g:-Bryophyllum.
Bilabiate:- A zygomorphic, gamopetalous corolla which is divided into two unequal lips the upper lips and lower lips.e.g:-Ocimum.
Personate:- Bilabiate(A zygomorphic, gamopetalous corolla which is divided into two unequal lips the upper lips and lower lips) Corolla with narrow opening due to two lips which are to one another.e.g:-Antirrhinum.
Shape of the Corolla
Some of the form of the corolla are as follows:
(a) Polypetalous Corolla
1. Cruciform:- The Corolla consists of four or five petals arranged in the from of cross(x).Each petal has a expanded limb and a narrow stalk below called claw.e.g:-Brassica
2. Caryophyllaceou:- It consists of five free petals each with a comparatively long claw, and the limbs. The Claw and Limb lie more or less at right angle to each other and spread outward.e.g:-Dianthus.
3. Rosaceous:- The Corolla consists of five or more free petals, spreading regularly outwards like those of rose.e.g:-Rosaceae.
4. Papilionaceous:- It consists of five unequal free petals, one large posterior standard, two lateral wings and two innermost smallest united keels.e.g:-pea, gram etc.
(b) Gamopetalous Corolla
1. Tubular:-In this case petals are fused to form a tube or cylinder like structure.e.g:- central florets of sunflower.
2. Campanulate:- In this case petals are fused to each other to form bell shaped structure.e.g:-Ipomoea, Cuscuta.
3. Infundibuliform:- In this case petals are fused to each other to form funnel shaped structure.e.g:-Datura, Petunia.
4. Rotate:- In this case petals are fused to each other to form Wheel shaped structure.e.g:- Brinjal, Nerium, Solanum.
5. Ligulate(Strap-shaped):- A zygomorphic, gamopetalous, strap-shaped corolla with a short narrow tube below and flattened strap-like upper portion.e.g:-Sunflower, Sonchus.
6. Urceolate:- In this case petals are fused to each other to form Urn-shaped structure.e.g:-Bryophyllum.
Bilabiate:- A zygomorphic, gamopetalous corolla which is divided into two unequal lips the upper lips and lower lips.e.g:-Ocimum.
Personate:- Bilabiate(A zygomorphic, gamopetalous corolla which is divided into two unequal lips the upper lips and lower lips) Corolla with narrow opening due to two lips which are to one another.e.g:-Antirrhinum.
CALYX
The outermost whorl of the flower which is made up of sepals is known as Calyx. A leaf like division usually green in colour and individual member of the calax is known as sepal.
Sepaloid : like a sepal ; green in colour
Petaloid : like a petal ; coloured
According to the depth of the divisions,calyx is of four types:
1. Toothed : Divisions very small.
2. fid : Divisions reach up to the depth.
3. Partate : Divisions reaching up to half.
4. Connate : Fused at the base.
The calax may be made up of free and united sepals.The free sepals are known as Polysepalous, whereas the united sepals are known as gamosepalous. Depending upon the shape, gamosepalous calyx is of following types:
Campanulate(Shaped like a bell e.g:-petunia)
Cupulate(Shaped like a Club e.g:-Gossypium)
Globose(Swollen like a globe e.g:-Physalis)
Tubular(tube shaped e.g:-Verbena)
Pappus(Modified into hairy structures e.g:-Sonchus)
Infundibuliform(shaped like a funnel e.g:-Atropa)
Bilabiate(Two-lipped e.g:-Salvia)
Spurred(With a long beak or spur e.g:-larkspur)
Spinous(Sepals are spinus e.g:-Trapa)
Caducous(Fall down immediately after opening of flowers. e.g:-Argemone, Papaver)
Persistent(Remaining attached till maturation. e.g:-Solanum nigrum)
Deciduous(The sepals fall of along with the petals at maturity after fertilization. e.g:-Brassica campestris)
Sepaloid : like a sepal ; green in colour
Petaloid : like a petal ; coloured
According to the depth of the divisions,calyx is of four types:
1. Toothed : Divisions very small.
2. fid : Divisions reach up to the depth.
3. Partate : Divisions reaching up to half.
4. Connate : Fused at the base.
The calax may be made up of free and united sepals.The free sepals are known as Polysepalous, whereas the united sepals are known as gamosepalous. Depending upon the shape, gamosepalous calyx is of following types:
Campanulate(Shaped like a bell e.g:-petunia)
Cupulate(Shaped like a Club e.g:-Gossypium)
Globose(Swollen like a globe e.g:-Physalis)
Tubular(tube shaped e.g:-Verbena)
Pappus(Modified into hairy structures e.g:-Sonchus)
Infundibuliform(shaped like a funnel e.g:-Atropa)
Bilabiate(Two-lipped e.g:-Salvia)
Spurred(With a long beak or spur e.g:-larkspur)
Spinous(Sepals are spinus e.g:-Trapa)
Caducous(Fall down immediately after opening of flowers. e.g:-Argemone, Papaver)
Persistent(Remaining attached till maturation. e.g:-Solanum nigrum)
Deciduous(The sepals fall of along with the petals at maturity after fertilization. e.g:-Brassica campestris)
MORPHOLOGY
Flower is a modified dwarf shoot of angiospermic plant that serves as a basic unit of sexual reproduction.Study of flowers known as Anthology.Flowers develops either in the axial of a leaf bracts or at the tip of the axis.The stalk of the flower is known as pedicel. Upon the pedicel here may be one to many small scaly structures called bracteoles. The termminal part of the pedicel is called thalamus. There are four types of floral and carpels leaves or organs such as sepals, petals stamens develop from the nodes of the thalamus. A typical flower of the angiosperm consists of four types of floral parts namely calax, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.1. CaLyx: It constitutes the outermost whorl and consists of sepals.Sepals may be green or coloured. It is protective in the bud condition.
2. Corolla: It is the second Whorl of the flower which is composed of petals.Usually it is thin, brightly coloured, scented with nectaries glands to attract the insects for cross-pollination.
3. Androceium: It represents the male reproductive whorl of the flower. It comprises stamens. Each stamen has usually a filament, anther and connective. Each anther consists of two lobes. Each lobe further consists of two chambers, which are called pollen-sacs. thus, there are four pollen sacs in each anther. Each pollen sac produces a large number of pollen grains.The pollen grains are the male gamets.
4. Gynoecium: Gynoecium is the innermost whorl of the flower and comprises the female organs called carpels. Each gynoecium or pistil consists of the three parts: ovary, style and stigma. The swollen basal part of the pistil is called ovary.The ovary may have one or more locules. Each locule is provided with one or more ovules on placentae. On maturity after fertilization ovary develops into fruits and ovules develops into seeds. Above the ovary the carpel is protuded into a long or short style. The style ends with a round, sticky stigma. During pollination, the pollen grains are deposited on the stigma.
FLOWER
A Flowers are the god’s great creation for all entire worlds. They are not made for a specific person either having a feeling with it or not they are made for all who are rich or poor, they give you those wonderful feelings, in which you feel yourself happy. A flowers can be known as a medium for expressing feeling to your’s love one or your’s closest one ever known in this world, they can be taken as a medium to show someone that he/she means everything to you, they can be taken as way to make feel someone nice.
scientifically, Flower is a modified dwarf shoot of angiospermic plant that serves as a basic unit of sexual reproduction which begins with pollination(the movement of pollen from anther to stigma) followed by fertilization, leading to the formation and dispersal of seeds.
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